• Religious system was based on duality of gods as heaven and earth
  • Second god was personified as female and bears epithet eke, “mother”
• Chinggis Khan performed rituals in honor of female ancestor Alan Qo’a
• Rituals were performed through shamans as intermediaries between deities and people
• Women engaging with shamanic rituals accused of being sorcerers and witches
  • Used by Muslim and Christian chroniclers to discredit political capability
• Some women accompanying Mongol campaign to Iran were Christian
  • Adapted tents into churches for priests, monks, Mongol khatuns