• Divide in Islam religion after Muhammad’s death into Sunni and Shia
• Sunni believe there are many legal caliphs after Muhammad
  • Abu Bakr was legitimate, there is no concern about bloodline
• First four caliphs were known as Rashidun, meaning “rightly guided caliphs”
• Created class of scholars known as ulama who created code of conduct
• Ruling was based on caliphates controlled by different Muslim leaders
• First Christian Crusaders reached Holy Land and captured Jerusalem in 1099
  • Crusades had little lasting impact on the Islamic lands
• Muslims unified to face European enemy in mid-twelfth century
  • In 1187, Saladin recaptured Jerusalem from Europeans
  • In 1250, Turkish mamluk troops seized control and ended dynasty