• Import substitution is replacing foreign goods with domestic ones
• Global South imposed tariffs to protect industries from competition
• Imported goods caused domestic European production of inspired goods
  • Chinese porcelain inspired European-made earthenware which replaced pewter dishes
  • Indian cottons were imported, but were replaced by calico production
  • Japanese and Chinese lacquerware inspired imitations in Europe
• Shifted from long-lasting, durable materials to more fragile, fashionable ones
  • Quicker loss of value encouraged faster replacement rates of products
• Rise of consumption cannot be attributed to growth due to technological innovation
  • Expanded through development of agriculture, proto-industry, production and commerce