• Race was how Germany viewed African and Asian prisoners
• Catered to religion, particularly Muslims to fight for Ottomans
  • However, Ottoman army did not know what to do with prisoner-volunteers
  • People who volunteered were subjected to better conditions
• For Europeans between 1914 and 1918, race was also ethnicity and nationality
• Understanding of race changed during the course of World War 1
  • Different nationalities in Europe were separated
• Professor was funded to classify Germany’s enemies based on race
• Allied use of non-white colonial troops was presented as war crime
  • Germany claimed they practiced illegal forms of warfare
  • Claimed that non-white people committed many atrocities to prisoners
• Ottomans were not seen as violent, but treated prisoners horrifically
• British had to distinguish in accounts of non-white people
  • Indian prisoners shared many hardships with British prisoners
• Treatment of prisoners was based on class and politics, not race